The sail sign on an elbow radiograph, also known as the anterior fat pad sign, describes the elevation of the anterior fat pad to create a silhouette similar to a billowing spinnaker sail from a boat It is seen as a fine rind of fat around the lesion. It indicates the presence of an elbow joint effusion.
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The pronator quadratus sign, also known as macewan sign, can be an indirect sign of distal forearm trauma
It relies on displacement of the fat pad that lies superficial to the pronator quadratus muscle as seen on a lateral wrist radiograph.
Any visualisation of the posterior fat pad is a sign of an elbow joint effusion An elbow joint effusion in the setting of trauma is typically a sign of an occult fracture. The scaphoid fat pad or stripe sign is defined as obliteration or lateral displacement of the normal scaphoid fat pad A positive sign usually indicates a scaphoid fracture, although it may also be associated with a radial styloid or proximal first metacarpal fracture.
In the presence of joint effusion, the anterior fat pad shows elevation/displacement and it is called ‘anterior fat pad sign’, posterior fad pad becomes visible and it is called ‘posterior fat pad sign’. The split fat sign is a feature that can be seen typically on mri images with peripheral nerve sheath tumors
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